circuits

Area of Interaction: Environments

=== Significant Concepts: Basic circuits ===

=== Unit Question: How have circuits impacted our environments? ===  Define the following:  1. Voltage: electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

2. Current: passing in time; belonging to the time actually passing: //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">thecurrent month. //

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">3. Resistance: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">the act or power of resisting, opposing, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">or withstanding.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">4. Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">an act or instance of going or moving around.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">5. Transistors: <span class="ital-inline" style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Electronics // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. a semiconductor device that amplifies, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">oscillates, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> or switches the flow of current between twoterminals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">by varying <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> the current or voltage between one ofthe terminals <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and a <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">third: although much smaller in sizethan a vacuum <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">tube, it <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> performs similar functions withoutrequiring current to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">heat a cathode.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">6. LEDs: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Short for <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">light-emitting diode. // <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">An electronic <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> semiconductor devicethat <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">emits light <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> when <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">an <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> electric <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">current passes <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> through it. Theyare <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">considerably more <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> efficient than incandescent bulbs, andrarely <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">burn out. LEDs are used <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> in many applications such as flat-screen video <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">displays, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">increasingly <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> as general sources of light.See also <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|semiconductor laser] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">7. Capacitor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a device <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">consisting <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">of two equally charged conducting surfaces havingopposite <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">signs and <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">separated <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">by <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a dielectric

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">8. Resistor: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a device designed <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">to introduce <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">resistance <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">into an <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electric circuit.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 9. Switch: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a slender, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">flexible shoot, rod, etc., used esp. in whipping or <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">disciplining.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 10. Digital Electronics: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">The <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> implementation of <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|two-valued logic] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> using electronic <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|logic gates] __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">such <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> as <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|and gates] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|or gates] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> and <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|flip-flops] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. In such circuits <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">the <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> logical <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">values <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> true and false are represented by two different <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|voltages] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, e.g. 0V for false and +5V for true. Similarly, numbersare normally <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">represented <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> in <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|binary] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> using two different voltages torepresented <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">zero <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">one. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Digital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">electronics contrasts with <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|analogue] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> electronics whichrepresents <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">continuously varying <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> quantities like sound pressureusing continuously <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">varying voltages. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Digital electronics is the foundation of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">modern <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> computers and <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|digital communications] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Massively complex digital <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> logic circuitswith millions of gates can now <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">be <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> built onto <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a single <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|integrated circuit] __ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> such as a <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|microprocessor] __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">and <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> these <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">circuits <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> can performmillions of operations per second.

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 11. Integrated Circuit: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a circuit <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> of transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on asingle <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">semiconductor <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> wafer or chip, in which the components areinterconnected to <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">perform a given <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> function. <span class="ital-inline" style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">//<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Abbreviation: // <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">IC

<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 12. Binary Code: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">a system <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> of representing letters, __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">[|numbers] __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">, or other characters, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">using binary notation.

<span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend two day creating snap circuits. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">13. How many circuits did you make? (You need to make at least 6 circuits  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">only 8  <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 14. What was your favorite circuit?  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">the lights and siren one  <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 15. Did you like the snap circuits? Explain why  <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">yes cause they were extremely eays  <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Spend 4 days making your bug circuit. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">16. Did your circuit work? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">no <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"> 17. Did you like making the bug circuit? Explain why: <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">no cause it didnt work 18. How have circuits impacted our environment? <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">by makeing me mad <span style="display: block; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> <span style="color: #800000; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">How you will be graded: <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 20.8px;">Answering Questions: +25 Snap Circuits: +30 Bug Circuit: +30 Total: 85